refractometer vs Hydrometer
Cracked my Hydro (it's only $5) but was thinking I might upgrade to Refrac?
refractometer is only dependable before fermentation (i.e. before there is alcohol). there are calculators that estimate what the "true" gravity is after fermentation but this is an average... not a true reading. so the answer is: use both. refracts are incredibly useful on brew day, totally worth the investment (get one on amazon or eBay, like $25). for determining your FG, use a hydro. and don't take a thousand readings during fermentation. wait for 14 days or more, make sure everything has quietened down, then measure.
Carbonation drops vs Dextrose vs Priming sugar vs Honey
I keep having issues with carbonation/feel of the beer. the Carbonation drops have helped is seems, but not every time
i generally use dextrose, and i use
this calculator to determine how much to use. along with hops, priming sugar measurements is when i use my high precision ("drug") scale. the calculator says "Current temperature of beer" - don't use current temp, use the temp the beer was at at the end of fermentation. so if you start at 68, let the beer rise to 72 to finish out, then it cooled off to 65 while you waited to bottle/keg, use 72.
i've never used carb drops, but they seem like a great way to ensure consistent carbonation. however, you don't have control over how carbonated the beer is - your stout will be as carbed as your IPA and your saison. personally i like to have a little more control.
Sanitizing/cleaning
most dreaded part...what is your technique?
sanitizing: star san, star san, star san. anything that touches the beer after the boil is star san'ed for at least 30 seconds. i mix up 2.5 gallons of the solution (a half batch) and use it until it gets slightly cloudy. i have a dedicated contained for the stuff, and keep it covered when not in use. star san seems expensive at first (i paid around $25 for my bottle) but i've been using that same bottle for 4 years now - that's pennies a batch.
cleaning: it's all about the PBW. OxiClean (scent-free) is an ok substitute but PBW is better, IMO. after a brew day, i run a solution of hot water (140*F) and 1 tablespoon of PBW/gallon through the system. that and a little scrubbing gets rid of everything. for carboys, same solution is put in the carboy, it's then turned upside down so the ring of crud is submerged, and given 24 hours. rinse with hot water, and you're done. no need for brushes. in extreme cases a second round of PBW might be needed, but that's happened to me maybe twice. hot PBW solution is also great for cleaning out bottles and kegs, after they've been used. if you re-use bottles, since them out immediately after you've served your beer - don't let any gunk dry inside the bottle.
cleaning and sanitizing is a pretty broad topic, lemme know if you have any specific questions...
happy brewing!